All about cystic fibrosis

Read here about the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and genetics of cystic fibrosis.

a young girl uses a breathing apparatus at home

A graphic depicting the chances of being a carrier or having a child with cystic fibrosis.

Causes

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common, fatal, genetic disease affecting children and young adults in Canada. A child born with CF will have inherited one copy of the CF gene from each parent. CF is caused by mutations in the gene that produces the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator protein (CFTR).

Approximately, one in 25 Canadians carry an abnormal version of the gene responsible for cystic fibrosis. Carriers do not have cystic fibrosis or exhibit any of the symptoms of the disease.

When two parents who are carriers have a child, there is a 25 per cent chance that the child will be born with cystic fibrosis; there is also a 50 per cent chance that the child will be a carrier and a 25 per cent chance that the child will neither be a carrier nor have cystic fibrosis.

It is vital to remember that a person with CF and their parents do not cause cystic fibrosis. A child’s environment or external factors cannot cause the disease as it is genetic and present from birth.

Symptoms

Cystic fibrosis has a multifaceted impact on the body, primarily targeting the digestive system and lungs. While the severity of CF varies from person to person, there are various effects on the body, the most devastating are in the lungs, where a build-up of thick mucus causes severe respiratory problems, including persistent lung infections and gradual lung deterioration. Mucus also builds up in the digestive tract. This, in combination with damage to the pancreas, makes it difficult to digest and absorb nutrients from food.

Typical complications may include but aren’t limited to:

Wheezing, shortness of breath and chest pain
Progressive lung damage from chronic lung infections and abnormal inflammation
Intestinal obstruction, especially in newborns
Frequent sinus infections
Frequent abdominal pain
Difficulty digesting fats and proteins
Malnutrition and vitamin deficiencies because of the inability to absorb nutrients
Poorer growth and body weight than peers, despite having a good appetite
CF-related diabetes
Infertility in males and sub-fertility in females
Anxiety and depression

Learn more about CF treatment options

CF diagnosis and genetics

Typically, a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis begins with a newborn screening, where a tiny blood sample is taken. If the initial test indicates a potential issue, further diagnostic tests are conducted. While the majority of new CF diagnoses are detected very early in life via newborn screening (available in most provinces and territories), there is a small percentage of children, adolescents and adults who are identified at various ages and stages, also known as a “late diagnosis”.

One diagnostic test that is used in Canada is the sweat test, which measures the salt concentration in a person's sweat. People with cystic fibrosis have higher salt levels, and this test helps confirm the diagnosis. Additionally, genetic and prenatal testing can identify specific CFTR gene mutations. If you have a family history of CF, consider getting tested to see if you and your partner are carriers.

Cystic Fibrosis Canada and other organizations continue to invest heavily in research to develop new treatments and therapies that target the underlying cause of the disease.

Research advancements funded by Cystic Fibrosis Canada

4400

Canadians are living with CF

98

new CF diagnoses in Canada in 2022

65%

of all Canadians living with cystic fibrosis are adults

37

or younger was the age of half the Canadians with CF who passed away in the past five years

CF resources

Here are some resources to help expand your knowledge about cystic fibrosis.

View All Resources

Clinic Guides

Canadian CFTR modulator therapy guidelines

Cystic Fibrosis affects 4,445 Canadians. These guidelines helps clinics manage CFTR modulator therapy, improving survival and quality of life for patients.

Health & Wellness

Food Intake Guide

Learn all the tips to keep a food intake guide to ensure optimal health when living with cystic fibrosis

Tips & Tricks

Cystic fibrosis and summer care tips

Get ready for the summer sun by protecting yourself with a list of summer care tips for people living with cystic fibrosis

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You can change the CF story

Explore the many ways you can support the cystic fibrosis community in Canada.

Get Involved Today

All about cystic fibrosis

Causes

Symptoms

CF diagnosis and genetics

4400

98

65%

37

CF resources

Canadian CFTR modulator therapy guidelines

Food Intake Guide

Cystic fibrosis and summer care tips

Your child and CF

When your parent has CF

Cleaning nebulizer and airway clearance equipment at home

Teen sexuality and CF

Travel tips for CF

Parenting with CF guide

School toolkit: a guide for parents and teachers

Transitioning from paediatric to adult CF care

Cystic Fibrosis and Pregnancy

You can change the CF story

Causes

4400

98

65%

37